As to nuclear vibrations, we can learn their frequencies, calculate the forces between the atoms, and derive also the energy required to bring about dissociation, as well as the dependence of the dipole moment and polarizability of the molecule on inter-nuclear separation. This information has led to a deeper theoretical understanding of chemical bindings. As to the electronic motion, we may learn its quantal type, including its symmetry and arrangement of nodes we may deduce its energy as a function of the inter-nuclear distances, and its angular momentum and we can evaluate any associated angular momentum due to an unbalanced relative orientation of electronic spins. From these in turn we can draw precise conclusions concerning the orbital motions of the electrons, and the vibrations and rotations of the nuclei. From the spectra, the discrete energy states of the molecule, as well as the limits of energy continua, can be derived directly. There is, indeed, no experimental method that gives more detailed information on this subject.
DURING the last two decades great progress has been made in the experimental study and theoretical interpretation of molecular spectra, which has thus become one of the most important means we have for investigating molecular structure.
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